What Are Cruelty-Free Products

The term â€Å"cruelty-free product† is generally understood within the animal rights movement as a product that has not been tested on animals by the manufacturer. While you may not have a special affinity for rats, guinea pigs or even rabbits, its important for you to know that dogs, cats, and primates are all used in laboratory testing, and the tests are inhumane. Several mainstream companies, such as Bon Ami and Clientele, have been cruelty-free for years. Unfortunately, three of the largest cruelty-free companies, Avon, Mary Kay and Estee Lauder, recently resumed animal testing in order to satisfy legal requirements in China, so that they could sell their products in China. Revlon, which was one of the first large mainstream companies to go cruelty-free, is now selling in China but will not answer questions about their animal testing policy. Because of their refusal to answer questions, Revlon is now on the cruel list. For companies with such good reputations; and who have generated such goodwill by first renouncing animal testing to hide behind the excuse that the Chinese government requires some testing is ludicrous. The obvious step for them is to stop selling in China until China catches up with the 21st century. The tests conducted on animals for cosmetic purposes are redundant and can now be easily replaced with in-vitro testing.   In the United States, federal law requires drugs to be tested on animals, but no law requires cosmetics or household products to be tested on animals unless they contain new chemicals. With so many substances that are already known to be safe, cruelty-free companies can continue to offer new, quality products year after year without testing on animals. Gray Areas One of the gray areas is when the individual ingredients might have been tested on animals by a supplier to the manufacturer. Some animal rights activists seek to support companies that do not purchase ingredients from suppliers who test on animals. Another tricky issue is when a cruelty-free company is owned or acquired by a parent company that tests on animals. For example, The Body Shop is cruelty-free but was acquired by L’Oreal in 2006. Although The Body Shop still does not test its products on animals, L’Oreal continues to conduct animal testing. this leaves fans and patrons of The Body Shop with a dilemma.   Cruelty-Free v. Vegan Just because a product is labeled â€Å"cruelty-free† does not necessarily mean that it is vegan. A product that has not been tested on animals may still contain animal ingredients, rendering it non-vegan. Companies like Origins and Urban Decay are cruelty-free and carry both vegan and non-vegan products. The Urban Decay website has a page with vegan products, and if you visit an Origins store, their vegan products are labeled. Completely vegan, cruelty-free companies include Moo Shoes,  Method, Beauty Without Cruelty, Zuzu Luxe, and Crazy Rumors. Companies v. Products It is important to distinguish between whether a specific company tests on animals and whether a specific ingredient or product has ever been tested on animals. To expect that an ingredient has never been tested on animals is unrealistic because centuries of animal experimentation mean that almost every substance, even those that are natural and generally considered safe, has been tested on animals at some point in history. Instead of focusing on whether an ingredient or product has ever been tested on animals, ask whether the company or the supplier currently conducts animal testing. Where to Buy Cruelty-Free Products Some vegan, cruelty-free products, like Method, can be purchased at Costco, Target or mainstream supermarkets. PETA maintains a list of companies that do or do not test on animals, and their list of companies that don’t test on animals has a letter â€Å"V† next to the companies that are also vegan. You can also find vegan, cruelty-free products online at stores like Pangea, Vegan Essentials, or Food Fight. New companies, more enlightened than past counterparts, are cropping up every day so if you are shopping online, do a search using the words cruelty-free, vegan, not-tested-on-animals or contains no animal products often so you dont miss out on new products.   Updated  by  Michelle A. Rivera

Frankensteins Creature is a Victim, NOT A Villain Essays

Frankensteins Creature Is A Victim Not A Villain In this essay I aim to discuss the statement Frankensteins creature is a victim not a villain In 1814 Mary Wollestonecraft met Percy shelly, a poet and writer. They ran away together, to escape Marys family and Percys pregnant wife, Harriet. Harriet drowned herself and Mary and percy were married two weeks later. Frankenstein was started in 1816 and finally published in 1818. From 1815 to 1819 three of mary Shellys four children died in infancy, these series of deaths may have encouraged shelly to continue writing Frankenstein. Shelly was good friends with Lord Byron, a famous romantic poet. Along with her husband, he influenced shelly while she was writing†¦show more content†¦It is my thought that the creature was at first like a baby as he had just been born. Therefore he would have seen Frankenstein as his parent . However the creature is shunned by Frankenstein and is called such names as a miserable monster. Going on, Frankenstein feels that what he has done is totally wrong and starts regretting what he has done more and more calling his creation a miserable monster and a demoniacal corpse to which I have so miserably given life. The creature finds books belonging to Frankenstein. These include Frankensteins journal and Paradise Lost, a poem about the war between God and the Angel Lucifer. He takes this poem literally, believing it to have actually happened. Many times throughout the book he likens himself to Lucifer, cast away from his creator and forced to live in misery. This may deepened his self pity and his final hatred of Frankenstein. I, like the arch fiend is one line where he likens himself to the Devil. He sees himself as an earthly Satan, however is even envious of him, as Satan has his followers for company and the creature is alone with his pain. After he is attacked by the peasant family that he has watched over and finally approached, he says that he wished to spread havoc and destruction around me and then to have sat back and enjoyed the ruin. this shows the first temptation that the creature had to perform acts

Evaluating the Historical Capital Budgeting Method free essay sample

Currently AES employs Project Finance Framework. Project finance tends to be used in projects with tangible assets with predictable cash flows in which construction and operating targets can be easily established through explicit contract. The key to AES projects financing lies with the precise forecasting of cash flows. In effect, the possibility of estimating cash flows with an acceptable level of uncertainty allows for allocation of risks among various interested parties. The ensuing certainty in cash flows allows for high level of leverage and enables project assets to be separated from the parent company. Let us now take a closer look at the pros and cons of the Capital Budgeting System currently in place. Principal Advantages Non-Recourse The separation of the parent company is structured through the creation of a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV). This SPV is the formal borrower under all loan documents so that in event of default or bankruptcy AES is not directly responsible before financial creditors. Instead, their legal claims are against the SPV assets. Maximize Leverage Currently AES seeks to finance the cost of development and construction of the project on highly leveraged basis. High leveraged in non-recourse project financing permits AES to put less in capital to put at risk permits AES to finance the project without diluting its equity investment in the project. Off-Balance Sheet Treatment AES may not be required to report any of the project debt on its balance sheet because such debt is non-recourse. Off balance sheet treatment can have the added practical benefit of helping the AES comply with covenants and restriction relating to borrowing funds contained in loan agreements to which AES is also a party. Agency Cost The agency costs of free cash flow are reduced. Management incentives are to project performance. Most importantly close monitoring by investors is facilitated. Multilateral Financial Institutions One of the four constituents that have contractual arrangement with the SPV in a typical project are the banks (an integral part group of financiers that include share holders, insurers, equipment manufacturers, export credit agencies and funds). Among these banks there are multilateral financial institutions (like IFC, CAF and etc). Presence of these institutions as financiers helps in raising capital from these institutes at lower cost and secondly it is also read as a positive sign by commercial banks. Drawbacks Projects V/S Division The company is not only expanding its geographical boundaries, but it is also diversifying its business through backward and forward integration. The current financial model does not provide the AES with the big picture, which now constitutes more number of variables that are being influenced by multiple factors due to the increase in depth and breadth of the organization. Complexity Financing of projects requires involvement of a number of parties. They can be quite complex and can be expensive to arrange. Secondly it demands greater amount of management time. Macroeconomic Risk The current methodology employed by AES for capital budgeting does not take into account the exchange rate risk. This risk will be of higher magnitude in the developing countries because of their unstable monetary and fiscal policies[2]. As we have seen that fluctuation in exchange rate has greatly hurt the AES business and they were unable to mitigate this risk as they haven’t anticipated it. This risk becomes important when the exchange rate fluctuation affects balance sheet items unequally. Thus keeping check on the foreign exchange rate requires timely adjustment of both the items of revenue and expenditure, and those of assets and liabilities in different currencies. Political Risk: This is another important factor which the current financial management system does not take into account. This will be of significant importance when it comes to investing in developing countries where frequent changes in government policies occur. Does this system make sense? The financial strategy employed by AES was historically based on project finance. This approach solely took into account those factors that minimized AES exposure to the project and achieved the most beneficial regulatory treatment thus ensuring availability of financial resources to complete the project. The model worked well for the domestic market as well as for the international operations, provided the opportunities undertook by AES were either in the sector of building and running a power plant or simply buying an existing facility and upgrading it and then operating. The underlying assumption over here was that the symmetrical and asymmetrical risks faced by the project were more or less same irrespective of its geographical location (Refer to Exhibit 3). However when AES started diversifying the breadth of its operations by incorporating other offshoots of energy related business and transforming from a cogeneration to a more utility organization with majority of expansion occurring in developing economies. This diversification of business increased the symmetrical risks like business risk, a classic example of which we see in Brazil where AES experience shortfall in demand /sales volume due to Energy Conservation Policy of Brazilian government and this had a chain effect on debt servicing capacity of the SPV as well the stock price of the parent company. Other factor that current model was not able to include was the risk of devaluation of currency in developing economies which resulted in significant losses due to the inability of the company to survive its international debt obligations. Expansion in developing economies also exposed the business to political risk where the policies change erratically with changes in government. Hence we see that the geographical diversification of business causes asymmetrical risk to increase causing bimodal behavior in the result. Project financing becomes less recommendable as a symmetrical risk becomes more manifest. This constitutes a problem for emerging countries where these risks tends to be at the forefront. Lal Pir Project Valuation Scenario 1: Pakistan In order to calculate the value of project for the Lal Pir project in Pakistan, we first need to calculate the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) using the new proposed methodology. For this we have followed the approach given in exhibit 8 of the case. The first step is to calculate the value of levered ? using the formula and information given in the case[3]. The value of the levered ? comes out to be 0. 3852 or 38. 52%, which essentially means that our project is not very highly correlated to the market return. Using this value of ? we now calculate the cost of Equity (refer Exhibit 4A). We have used the return on U. S. Treasury Bond (i. e. 4. 5%) as the risk free return in calculating the cost of equity. The cost of equity comes out to be 0. 072 and similarly, using the risk free return and the default spread (given in exhibit 7a of case) we calculate the cost of debt which comes out to be 0. 0807. It is important to note that the cost of debt and the cost of equity also need to be adjusted for the sovereign spread (0. 0990 for Pakistan). Once we have the adjusted costs of equity and capital we can now calculate the WACC for the project using the formula given in case where we essentially multiply equity and debt ratio with the adjusted costs of equity and debt respectively[4]. The WACC in this scenario comes out to be 0. 1595 or 15. 95%. However, now we need to adjust this WACC for the risks associated with doing the project in Pakistan and we do this by using Table A given in the case. We know that the total Risk Score for Pakistan is 1. 425 and since there is a linear relationship between business specific risk scores and cost of capital[5] we need to adjust our WACC by 7. 125% thus making our final WACC 23. 075%, using which we calculate our NPV (refer to Exhibit 6) from the year 2004 to 2023, and it comes out to be negative $234. 34 million. Scenario 2: USA For USA similar calculations are made to calculate the WACC (Exhibit 4B). However there are two things that are different. First we see the sovereign spread is equal to zero. Secondly, in this case we would need to calculate the business risk using the information given in exhibit 7a of the case (refer to Exhibit 5). This score comes out to be 0. 64 and using this score, our business risk comes out to be 3. 23% and adding it to our calculated value of WACC, we get our final WACC of 9. 64%. Using this we calculate our NPV for USA which comes out to be negative $ 35. 92 million (refer to Exhibit 7). Adjusted Cost of Capital and Probabilities of Real Events in Pakistan In calculating the adjusted cost of capital for Pakistan the WACC is adjusted for six common types of risks: Operational, Counterparty, Regulatory, Construction, Commodity, Currency and Legal. We can clearly see from table A given in the case that besides construction there is a probability of all these risks actually effecting the project in Pakistan. In these, the highest probability is that of currency risk and the legal risk. The adjusted cost that we have calculated is adjusted by the total risk score for Pakistan. There is a linear relationship between the total risk score and adjustment to the cost of capital, i. e. a score of 1 leads to an adjustment of 500 basis points in the WACC. When we calculate the WACC for Pakistan through traditional formula it comes out to be 15. 95%, however in order to incorporate the risk factor associated with Pakistan we need to adjust it for the Total Risk Score, which in this case is 1. 425. So we simply multiply this by 500 and we find out that we need to adjust our WACC 23. 075%. Since this 23. 075% is adjusted using the total risk score we can safely assume that it incorporates for the probability of the afro-mentioned six types of risks in WACC with respect to Pakistan. Discount Rate Adjustment: USA v/s Pakistan As mentioned earlier the discount rate is adjusted based on the total risk score of the country. This total risk score is compiled from 6 main types of risks, the probability of which varies from country to country. If we simply compare the risk scores for USA and Pakistan[6], we can see that there is a major difference between the risk profiles of both the countries. For instance, while currency, regulatory and legal risks are significantly high in Pakistan, they do not exist in the USA at all. Also we see that operational, counterparty and commodity risks are higher in USA as compared to Pakistan. Similarly when the respective WACCs of the two countries are adjusted for their risk we see that the adjusted WACC for Pakistan (23. 075%) is much higher as opposed to that of USA (9. 64%), which essentially implies that Pakistan is inherently a riskier country to invest in as opposed to the USA and any investments made in this region would have to cross a higher hurdle rate than if they were made in the US region.

Things Fall Apart Essay Thesis Example For Students

Things Fall Apart Essay Thesis All good aspects of humanity come unraveled as Achebe takes a story of a man and his society and stomps on it with tragedy. Uncontrollable forces are behind the things that unmistakably come crashing down in the end to reveal a totally mutual unhappy feeling. As life goes, everything appears to be fine and normal and everyone is getting along, having a good time, but it must come to an end sooner or later. Sooner or later everything starts to go in the opposite direction and all of a sudden everyone isn’t that happy. Mistakes are made, ties are broken and ultimately people will fall down and things will fall apart. Man is a complex being that evolves and goes through many different things. There are a lot of different parts to Man, meaning all of these feelings, emotions, changes, and significant actions that they may take. Man reacts in different ways to different things and they are always subject to make mistakes. Humans were made to do so living a life to their best ability and learning by what they do wrong. People fall and they get hurt or bruised and they can’t do anything but suck it up and try again. We will write a custom essay on Things Fall Apart Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Sometimes what they need is to be taught a lesson, kicked out, or sent back to the beginning. The truth is that people are what they make of themselves. They get together and they make these societies that is good to a certain extent but they really mean trouble because of the way they work. In a matter of time, corruption will take place in the midst of these â€Å"normal† people just trying to work together in peace because somewhere, a mistake will be made and someone will have to pay. It is a viscous cycle, the way things work. Everything seems like it needs to go perfectly but that is all wrong and when that kind of thing is worried about, bad things start to happen. In â€Å"Things Fall Apart,† the main character lives a good, wholesome life, leading as a successful yam-farmer and doing what he does best in his society in Africa, but something goes terribly wrong and things begin to turn away from him. He begins to fall and he soon finds himself looking at banishment from his own community. What had he done to make this happen? He heads into starting over, trying to get his feet back on the ground and everything goes his way for awhile. But, you guessed it, things will eventually turn on him again because of the mere fact that most, or at least half, of the stories of the world since forever end in tragedy. That is just the way things are done and this man was existing to hit rock bottom and lose everything leading all the way to his final act of indignity. Where do people see the need to treat their lives like a chore, thus causing them pain and unnecessary heartache? It is indeed possible, if one would open their eyes, to be happy and live a life where they actually prevent the things from falling apart so badly where there is no turning back. Society will always beat people down and hurt them while putting endless amounts of strain on them and, quite simply, these people just need to stick together and be stronger because otherwise someone will snap and things will go wrong. It makes sense to relax and play the cards as they lay or all that’s left will be a big jumbled up mess that could have easily been prevented. As one reaches the end of the line, a seemingly reasonable thing to do would be to just let history repeat itself but that would be the biggest mistake of all and turn everything upside down into a big fat tragedy.

Pearl Harbor Battle Analysis Essay Essays

Pearl Harbor Battle Analysis Essay Essays Pearl Harbor Battle Analysis Essay Essay Pearl Harbor Battle Analysis Essay Essay Essay Topic: The Pearl On a pleasant and beautiful Sunday. December 7. 1984. Japan implemented a surprise onslaught on the US Naval Base in Pearl Harbor on the island of Oahu. Hawaii which gave United States a door to come in into World War II. Even though Japan did non follow through with the onslaught doing the 3rd moving ridge of bombers to interrupt contact from dropping bombs to complete off the remainder of the fleet moorage in Pearl Harbor. it was a good prepared. and carefully orchestrated onslaught on the Americans because the Nipponese followed about all the nine Principles of War. However there was one rule that the Japanese did non executed doing them to give up subsequently on in World War II. There are nine Principles of War. that is ; integrity of bid. mass. nonsubjective. violative. surprise. economic system of force. manoeuvre. and security. The onslaught include mass–concentrating the combat power at the decisive topographic point and clip. The aim was clear and directed every military operation towards a clearly defined. decisive come-at-able aim. The onslaught was clearly violative where it prehend. retained. and exploited the enterprises. Surprise was the decidedly the most of import rule used striking Pearl Harbor on a given clip when it was unprepared. Economy of force was allocated to the moving ridge of onslaughts where indispensable combat power was given as a secondary attempt. The manoeuvres were clearly executed where Japan placed United States in a place of disadvantage through the flexibleness application of combat power. There was integrity of bid in which the Japanese ensured each aim had a responsible commanding officer. Integrity of bid was seeable within the Nipponese fleet. The commanding officer for the December 7th 1941 onslaught on Pearl Harbor was Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto ( People–Japan. ) . Yamamoto was responsible for the combined Nipponese fleet where he devised the scheme for the onslaught. and because of his careful. organized. and educated planing. Pearl Harbor was about to the full destroyed. Under Yamamoto is Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumoto who was in bid of the First Air Fleet. Nagamuto relied to a great extent on the experience of his subsidiaries Comander Minoru Genda. and Rear Admiral Ryunosuke Kusaka. â€Å"No one can truly understand what happened at Pearl Harbor without at least a cernuous acquantance with these work forces. for the plan’s origin. readying. executing. and stupefying success were shaped by the personalities and experience of these men† ( Goldstein. 1991 ) . By component of mass with in the nine Principles of War. the Nipponese onslaught forces was good equipped for the onslaught on Pearl Harbor on December 7th. 1941. Japan understands that their state can non get the better of United Staes in a â€Å"conventional war. lacking as it did sufficient adult male power and natural stuffs ( notably oil ) for such a sustained attempt nevertheless Japan was able to set together combined fleet big plenty to travel toe to toe with the United States Navy in Hawaii† ( Long. 2007 ) . Nipponese air onslaught forces consisted of six bearers named Akagi. Kaga. Soryu. Hiryu. Shokaku. and Zuikaku. Support forces consisted of two battlewagon and two heavy patrol cars known as Tone and Chikuma. Screening forces consisted of one visible radiation patrol car and nine destroyers named Akuma. Patrol forces had three pigboats. In add-on. the supply forces ha eight oilers. Together these combined fleet was named the Kido Butai. or undertaking force which w as the largest figure of aircraft bearers of all time to run together ( Carlisle. 114 ) . Admiral Yamamoto and the Kido Fleet’s aim was to destruct the naval ships in Pearl Harbor and strike hard out the U. S. Pacific Fleet. In retrospect. this onslaught is besides an violative onslaught as a important Nipponese contending force so that the Americans could non oppose on Japan’s conquering of South East Asia and the Pacific Islands. Another ground for the onslaught is because President Roosevelt had banned all exports of bit Fe. steel and oil to Japan. The ground for the trade stoppage was the Nipponese invasion of China. Japan had lost more than 90 % of its oil supply ( Carlisle. 2006 ) . The economic isolation crippled their economic system and military. In add-on. Japan were keen on spread outing their imperium and had to do a determination between give uping or traveling to war with the United States. Last. United States had non yet entered the Second World War. because they were still staggering from depression due to the First World War. United States did. nevertheless. still possess the strongest naval fleets. In that position. the Japanese were about every bit strong as the American navy. As clip passed. America favored more and more towards fall ining the war. The Japanese anticipated a matured naval war with America and hence. decided to move first by bombing Pearl Harbor which was a cardinal terrain characteristic in the Pacific due to it’s monolithic and deep seaport for naval ships. The component of economic system of force was besides present during the onslaught on Pearl Harbor. This allowed Japans zero bomber to apportion minimal indispensable combat power towards the onslaught. With the economic system of force. the component of manoeuvre besides played abig function towards the foray. There were two aerial onslaught moving ridges. numbering 353 aircraft that was launched from the six Nipponese aircraft bearers. In actuality. Admiral Yamamoto’s plans consisted of three moving ridges of onslaught. The first moving ridge of attacked was launched at 0740 with 163 aircrafts that was coming from the North Shore. Their aim was to destruct landing fields at Wheeler. Ewa. Hickam. and Pearl Harbor. The 2nd moving ridge was launched an hr subsequently to the Windward side of the island with 167 aircraft bombers. Their mission was besides to destruct landing fields in Kaneohe and Bellows. Hickam. and Pearl Harbor. Admiral Yamamoto called off the 3rd moving ridge because he believed the 2nd work stoppage had basically satisfied the chief aim of his mission which was to stultify United States Pacific Fleet. In add-on Admiral Yamamoto did non wish to put on the line farther losingss. With Admiral Yamamoto’s careful planning of the Pearl Harbor onslaught. Japan was successful on finishing their aim in the Pacific by destructing the Naval fleet. However. they failed to follow through with the component of security. Security states that Japan should hold neer permitted United States from geting an unexpected advantage. With Admiral Yamamoto naming off the 3rd moving ridge. this allowed United States to acquire back up on its pess. Japan may hold won the conflict on Pearl Harbor. nevertheless that determination â€Å"woke up the kiping giant† doing Japan to give up the war to the Americans. The biggest impact on the Nipponese onslaught was the component of surprise which was Japans cardinal maneuver on Pearl Harbor and other military bases on Oahu that struck Americans as a â€Å"dastardly attack† - â€Å"stab in the dorsum. † On December 7th. 1941. everyone went about their day-to-day modus operandi. Naval and military bids in Hawaii did non surmise that this twenty-four hours would be the twenty-four hours they would acquire a immense surprise by acquiring attacked. Washington and Honolulu were cognizant of the Nipponese menaces to assail countries in Southeast Asia but they didn’t think a surprise onslaught at Pearl Harbor was in the programs. The bids in Washington and Honolulu had no thought because based on their intelligence they received largely from U. S wireless intelligence and diplomatic codification breakage. the intelligence received told them that the Japanese were traveling south and they weren’t traveling to be in â€Å"dan ger† . Washington received intelligence from the office of naval intelligence a few hours before the onslaught indicating that the all of Japan’s fleet bearers were in their place Waterss. This was one manner how the Nipponese wholly fooled and the U. S. intelligence and surprised them with a detrimental onslaught on Pearl Harbor and other military installings. Sunday forenoons are usually a clip of leisure for military forces. and during this clip. particularly in the forenoon. some are still asleep. or at church with their households. With the Nipponese knowing this. this was the best clip to establish their surprise onslaught because they knew people would non be able to react to the onslaughts quick plenty to contend back and it would be the perfect chance to destruct all of their fleets and aircrafts Japan’s careful and good orchestrated onslaught on Pearl Harbor on December 7th. 1941. destroyed about all the American Naval fleet in the Pacific. This allowed Japan to go on its imperialism towards Southeast Asian without United States intervention. Even when Japan failed to follow through with the component of security towards United States. they still followed about all the nine Principles of War in order for them to hold a successful foray. The 3rd moving ridge of onslaught could hold the destroyed the fuel storage. care. and dry dock installations that would hold crippled the U. S. Pacific Fleet far more earnestly than the loss of its battlewagons. If they had been wiped out. United States could non hold been able to resile back. fall in the war. and finally forced Japan to give up. Work Cited Carlisle. Rodney P. December 7. 1941: One Day in History: The Days That Changed the World. New York: Collins. 2006. Print. Long. Tony. July 27. 2007. â€Å"Dec. 7. 1941: Attack at Pearl Harbor a Bold. Desperate Gamble. † Wired. com. Conde Nast Digital. n. d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wired. com/science/discoveries/news/2007/12/dayintech_1207 Goldstein. Donald M. The Way It Was Pearl Harbor. The Original Photographs. Washington: Brassey’s. 1991. Print. â€Å"Global Research. † Pearl Harbor: A Successful War Lie. N. p. . n. d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. globalresearch. ca/pearl-harbor-a-successful-war-lie/22305 â€Å"How Did Japan View the Pearl Harbor Attacks? † ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation. n. d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. hypertext transfer protocol: //library. thinkquest. org/CR0214300/nzjapaneseview1. hypertext markup language Hoyt. Edwin Palmer. Pearl Harbor Attack. New York: Sterling Pub. . 2008. Print. Kam. Ephraim. Surprise Attack: The Victim’s Perspective. Cambridge. Ma: Harvard UP. 1988. Print. â€Å"People-Japan–Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. IJN. ( 1884-1943 ) . † People-Japan–Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. IJN. ( 1884-1943 ) . N. p. . n. d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. history. navy. mil/photos/prs-for/japan/japrs-xz/i-yamto. htm â€Å"The Attack by the First Nipponese Wave. † The Attack by the First Nipponese Wave. N. p. . n. d. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. pacificwar. org. au/pearlharbor/FirstWaveAttack. hypertext markup language Tures A. Tures. LaGrange. â€Å"William ‘Billy’ Mitchell. the Man Who Predicted the Pearl Harbor Day Disaster. † Yokel! News. Yokel! . 06 Dec. 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2013. Wisniewski. Richard A. Pearl Harbor and the USS Arizona Memorial: A Pictorial History. Honololu. Hawaii ( P. O. Box 8924. Honolulu 96830 ) : Pacific Basin Enterprises. 1986. Print.

Facts about the ACT Test and Reasons to Take It

Facts about the ACT Test and Reasons to Take It What Is the ACT Test? The ACT test, started by the American College Testing Program (hence the acronym), is a standardized pencil-and-paper test used as a college entrance exam. Colleges and universities use your ACT score, along with your GPA, extracurricular activities, and high school involvement to determine if they’d like you to grace their campus as a freshman. You cannot take the test more than twelve times, although there are exceptions to this rule.   Why Take the ACT Test? Money, money, money. Broke as a joke? The ACT test can garner you some serious coin for the college of your choice if you can earn an impressive score. And by impressive, I do not mean a 21.Your scores follow you around. I’m not kidding. When you apply for your first entry-level job, your ACT score is going to be on your resume, because truthfully, your pizza delivery gig can’t showcase your reasoning ability like a 33 on the ACT can.It can help balance a low GPA. So maybe you hated World History, flunked it on purpose, and ruined that 4.0. That doesn’t mean you dont have the ability to do well in college. Scoring high on the ACT can show you off when your GPA doesn’t.  Its often preferred over the SAT: Since the ACT is a college entrance test like the SAT, it can be used in its place. Which should you take? What’s On the ACT Test? Never fear. You’ll not be required to rewrite the entire periodic table of elements, although Science is one of the subjects you’ll see. This test, although long, (3 hours and 45 minutes) basically measures reasoning and the stuff you learned in high school. Here’s the breakdown: ACT Test Sections How Does the ACT Test Scoring Work? You may have heard previous students from your school bragging about their 34s on the ACT. And if you did, then you should definitely be impressed with their test-taking skills because that is a high score! Your overall score and each individual multiple-choice test score (English, Mathematics, Reading, Science) range from 1 (low) to 36 (high). The overall score is the average of your four test scores, rounded to the nearest number. Fractions less than one-half are rounded down; fractions one-half or higher are rounded up. So, if you get a 23 in English, a 32 in Math, a 21 in Reading, and a 25 in Science, your overall score would be a 25. That’s pretty good, considering the national average is right around a 20. The Enhanced ACT Essay, which is optional, is scored separately and much differently.   How Can You Prepare For This ACT Test? Don’t panic. That was a lot of information to digest all at once. You can actually prepare for the ACT and get a brag-worthy score if you choose one of the options mentioned the following link (or all of them if you’re the go-getter type). 5 Ways to Prepare for the ACT Test

What do you consider to be the major issues facing pblic education Essay

What do you consider to be the major issues facing pblic education today. Address one of the issues in depth, outlining possible causes, effects and resolutions - Essay Example Furthermore, recent budget cuts have even taken place as a result of economic recession. The consequence of decline in public education budget is that teachers are not being paid on time and due to this several teachers have stopped teaching at public schools. The qualities of education being provided to those who are dependent on public schools have even declined as a result of loss of quality teachers. One solution is to increase the budgets for public education by decreasing the budgets allocated to other sectors. Another solution is online education as it requires lower amount of investment (Christensen 1). A third solution is to provide underdeveloped teachers with appropriate training so the quality of education can be increased. One of the significant issues experienced by public education is decrease in the allocation of budget towards education sector. This is a major problem faced by modern day society as due to this issue, the future of society is at stake. Various solutions such as adoption of online education can be implemented to solve this

Introduction To Undergraduate Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Introduction To Undergraduate Study - Essay Example In finding an understanding of this work, the way in which society now views the female form and how it is commercialized for the purposes of selling fashion can be realized. According to Bate (2003: 22), surrealism is â€Å"semiotically speaking, a signifying effect, the confusion or a contradiction in a conventional signifier - signified relations in representations and where a meaning is partially hidden, where the message appears enigmatic regardless of how it was produced†. The art of surrealistic photography is found where the imagery reveals something more than what is visually available, where the form provides a clue to the intent, rather than a specific and defined point of reference. The singular importance, simplified in order to provide a point of further discussion, within the photographic art that Man Ray created is in manipulation. Through creating the concept of manipulation in order to create surrealistic work, Man Ray began discoveries that would revolutionize many aspects of the medium of photography. One of the significant ways in which Man Ray created innovation was in the process of development so that different effects could be achieved. According to Miller (1996: 75), every error was an opportunity for greater innovation. The process of solarization was developed through a laboratory accident. The great numbers of innovations that he created were then very generously shared within the photography world, thus furthering the advancement of the medium. Man Ray had no respect for his equipment and did not hold to the idea that expensive equipment changed his process for the better. He believed in using what he had to make the commentary that he desires, thus promoting creativity in his process. However, it is the manipulation of the form that had the greatest impact on fashion photography. Man Ray developed a way of elongating the female form, creating a more idealized look. Through techniques that manipulated the image, he created

Culture and Globalization Essay Example for Free

Culture and Globalization Essay INTRODUCTION Identity is a question that may be expressed by an anxiety and a hope at the same time. The anxiety lies in the sense of the existence of our Moroccan identity in all its dimensions, Arabo-berber, Muslim negro-African and modern. It also lies in our existence in the world in different parts of the planet where we have decided, voluntarily or not, to assert our existence; a planet that has become a finished space, a global village, surrounded by all kinds of flows, economic, human, electronic, and cultural, which are aspects of globalization; a globalization that could not only be a kind of interdependence among the national spaces which existence is still alive but also an internal phenomenon in these spaces. The advantages and disadvantages of this multiform process can diverge from one partisan to another. Some see in it the chance of a new world and others see in it the risk of an incomparable oppression. The problem of the Arabo Islamic identity or Arab identity occupies the front of the scene. The Islamic world has never been so active in the sense of the expression of identity, maybe because of the more and more enigmatic character of this identity because as Dryush Shayagan reminds, more than the ethnic and the religious identities, we find a third one in addition that emerges from modernity. He adds that the three identities fit one into the other, create more and more complex fields of interference, and exploit territories that remain most of the time incompatible with each other. He goes on declaring that today, these identical cultures are situated between the â€Å"not yet† and the â€Å"never ever†: not yet modern and never ever traditional. These identities that live henceforth, in â€Å"between the two† are totally burst according to Dryush.[1] At first glance, this triple identity raises obstacles to communication, but on the condition of succeeding in fitting out their respective spaces, it offers on the other hand, new possibilities of communication. The assertion of a reactive and massive Arabian Islamic identity was the adequate answer to the colonial dominion. Today, however, the reflection has to fit and adapt itself to the requirements of a situation namely, globalization, that orders that identity becomes seen as open, diverse and it has to be attentive to pluralism in the internal as well as the external places. We can think that the new network of information and communication will favour the emergence of new forms of citizenship susceptible to fill the current democratic deficit. Media permanently present information in the different parts of the world. With the means of information which the internet network prefigures today, the individual can have a more active role in the search for information. One can also contact a multitude of people of different nationalities, discuss problems of public interest, and express his/her opinions in public forums. GLOBALIZATION, CULTURE, AND THE MOROCCAN IDENTITY It is crucial to see globalization from an academic point of view as there is a strong link bounding globalization and culture. The global culture belongs to what Simon During calls â€Å"transnationalization.†[2] This latter is the process by which cultural products extend their actual space to emerge in a global area. Cultural studies are a kind of reaction to this process. Going deeper in this perspective, we come across many points that may link globalization to culture if we consider that culture is a local issue that may be influenced by the global market, the global sight, or may itself influence the global sphere if it is considered as a tradition or a way of life. Culture, from another view, maybe considered as the basis of the construction of one’s identity but once influences by globalization, the identity may change and we may adopt some practices and beliefs that may be no more appropriate to the local culture. Education is another point where globalization and culture meet. Students nowaydays, are no more interested by some issues tackling family or social events, but rather opt to get aware of the global economic and capitalistic changes that the actual world witnesses. Culture is a part of our identity. If we change culture, we change our identity. Stewart Hall argues that in a changing history, identity should remain the same though it is far from being the case of the modern world we’re living in and where identities are in a permanent process of change and transformation and this is the result of globalization. Always according to Hall, the construction of identity is made by the sight of the other. In other words, the negative view on the other makes of our identity a positive one. The process of constructing identity then is based on opposition. If the sight of the other makes of us who we really are, we are then no more free to chose according to our own tastes but rather chose according to others’ reactions[3]. This may seem ambiguous in a sense and annoying in another. How can globalization affect our own sense of belonging? Belonging to a particular nation and adopting a specific culture is not a matter of choice, it is because we belong to a certain ethnic group that has its own tradition, culture and religion. Once we find ourselves involved in a pre-created world, the acceptance becomes an automatic reaction, but when our sense of belonging to a cultural space or another becomes guided by the global pressures, our identity gets hurt and our mind fragmented and confused between what is ours and what is theirs (what is local and what is global). â€Å"The global popular† is the means of communication that occupies an important place in the projection of visual images to spread information (TV, satellite, internet†¦). If I insist on citing the global popular as one of the links between globalization and culture, it is because I judge it of a high importance and necessity to remind the idea that Simon During came with and which expresses the impossibility to separate the global popular from the global culture. He kept arguing that the reason was not only that both of them belong to a single globalizing system but also because the relation between various forms of cultural products are changing and transacting.[4] Similarly, Arjun Appadurai cited in his essay â€Å"Modernity at Large† one of the most important means of the circulating forms which is the â€Å"mediascape†. Like the global popular, mediascapes allow any information to become local through all kinds of the modern media. By this way the local culture may be adopted by different societies and consequently be global.[5] GLOBALIZATION AND MEDIA Today globalization arouses number of controversies. The term by itself condenses anxieties: it evokes, quite at the same time, the shrinkage of the planet bound to technological innovations and the massive impact of the triumphant capitalism that imposes its extreme dominance. Appadurai approaches, in a frontal way, the question of globalization. He put in the centre of his analysis the notion of flows. For him, what defines the contemporary world is much more circulation than structures and stable organizations. The proof is quite clear when we see people constantly moving from one place to another and the extraordinary development of mass communication with images transited throughout the planet. Until then, the individual lived and conceived himself in certain limits. From a simple geopolitical point of view, the nation state was considered as a stable referent: within it, the dimension of the local used to have a great importance conferring to each individual in a given society their privileged points of anchoring. In this context, the identical constructions occur in a permanent game of opposition between the self and the other, between the inside and the outside. But migrations on the one hand, and the media flows on the other hand, disrupted the spreading order until then. What interests Appadurai is the way this situation not only alters the material life of people but also tends to give an incomparable role to imagination. This does not mean that previously societies have not abundantly, neither in their mythological, literary nor artistic productions, appealed to this faculty. Henceforth, imagination is no more limited in some specific domains of expression, but it changes the daily practices, notably the migratory situations where migrants find themselves obliged to create in their exile a world of them by using all the images that media allow them to receive.[6] The technological progress: Internet The cable and internet offer multiple means to reconstitute communities including migrants and those who stayed in their countries. When we come across globalization of communication we inevitably think of internet. Internet is considered to be the symbol of and at the same time, a vehicle for the development of the future mediatic landscape. As a polymorphic tool spread everywhere, internet is actually inescapable in the study of the actual communication processes. If we consider internet as a media, we automatically notice that it is a quite particular one. Among modern mass media, internet is characterized by a potentially or at least virtually wide broadcasting. It is one of the facets of the internet ideology: everybody can have access to messages, everywhere and so to speak with no constraints, and at the same time, internet presents specific characteristics that make of it an exceptional media. Unlike press or radio-television that necessitate material and financial means, licenses, and a diffusion and distribution network, by internet everything is easier. Everybody can be a transmitter and everybody is potentially provider of contents but not everybody can create his/her own television station contrary to internet by which each one –or almost– can create a web site with only an online computer. All this is almost free more than the accommodating of private individuals that is also, more or less, free. If we consider internet as a media, it is then the time in the history of mass communication when each citizen and each association has the ability to play in the same ground as that of the wide mediatic groups or the big companies. Yve Thiran states that from this point of view, internet is a means of communication par excellence and it is not surprising that the excluded traditional media were the first to use it.[7] What seems to be new in the case of internet is not really the fact that it facilitates the emergence of multiple forms of sites and more or less alternative means of information, but rather the fact that the local structuralizations have voluntarily or not, reached the world as a whole. The neighbouring radio station’s diffusion is limited in the neighbourhood, while the expression on the Net may give the impression to address the whole planet. A neighbouring radio station, once installed in the web, can be heard by the whole world. Contrary to the press of radio-television, internet still looks for its place in the media landscape[8] grouping sites together, contents, services and very (too) diverse possibilities to aspire to a real unit of speech (but it is not probably the purpose of internet neither), in a social gratitude other than the connotations that can be socially planed on the new technologies of information and communication in general. In other words, as we find everything on internet, it is still its strict technical dimension that allows an observer to apprehend it, to seize it mentally and conceptually and to succeed in defining it differently. What is internet then? It is a media, a commercial space, a means of information, a shop window, and a place for exchange and expression; that is to say, so many activities where the interlocutors position themselves differently. The telephone is not a newspaper; nevertheless, internet can be at the same time a telephone and a newspaper, an advertisement hoarding and a room of debate. CONCLUSION Born Jamaican, the English cultural theorist Stuart Hall argued that identity must be understood in terms of politics of localization, of location and statement –not as a process of discovery of lost roots but as the construction of a new or emergent shape of ourselves, linked at the same time to the actual social relations and to the contemporary power relations–. While most of us clearly wish to respect most of the aspects of our tradition and history, Hall suggests that we also need, for speaking, to understand languages which we were not taught. We need to understand and revalue the traditions and inheritances of cultural expressions in a new and creative way as the context in which they are produced evolves constantly.[9] [1] Shayagan Dryush,  « La Lumià ¨re vient de l’Occident,  » Paris : l’Aube, 2001, Entretiens du XXI Sià ¨cle,  « Oà ¹ Vont les Valeurs,  » UNESCO, Abbin Michel, Paris, 2004. [2] Simon During,  « Postcolonialism and Globalization,  » Culture, Globalization and the World System, ed., Anthony King, Dinghamton, 1991. [3] Stuart Hall,  « Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities,  » Culture, Globalization and the World System, Current Debates in Art History 3, State of New York: Bihghamton, 1991, pp. 41-68. [4] Arif Dirlik,  « The Local in the Global,  » Global/Local: Cultural Production and the Transnational Imaginary, eds., Rob Wilson and William Dissanayake, Durham: Duke UP, 1996. [5] Arjun Appadurai,  « Modernity at Large,  » Cultural Dimensions of Globalization, Public Worlds, Vol. 1, London: University of Minnesota Press, 1996. [6] Arjun Appadurai, Aprà ¨s le Colonialisme, Paris : Payot, 2001. [7] Yve Thiran, Sexes, Monsenges et Internet, Bruxelles : Castells-Labor, Coll.  « quartier Libre,  » 2000, p. 42. [8] Yve Thiran shows that the internet needs traditional media such as television to be able to claim the impact that it had notably during the Clinton-Lewinsky affaire. (Thiran, p. 43) [9] Stuart Hall,  « Old and New Identities, Old and New Ethnicities,  » Culture, Globalization and the World System, Current Debates in Art History 3, State of New York: Bihghamton, 1991, pp. 41-68.

Child Observation: Language Learning and Development Essay -- Theory o

Initial Observation The child I observed for this project was Reza. Reza was three years and ten months old when I observed him and took the language sample. Reza has an older brother. Reza attends Martin Luther King Daycare and is on his church’s soccer league. I met Reza two times prior to taking a language sample. We met at a gym the first time. Reza was a little shy, but it did not last but about ten minutes. His mom instructed him to stay with me while she had her workout. We discussed fishing, hunting, and a game on his mother’s phone. I stayed with him about 45 minutes in the gym, and visited about 15 more outside. I had my dog with me, and I let her play with him, which he seemed thrilled with. The next time I saw Reza, he was at his mother’s veterinarian clinic. He remembered me, and needed no prompts to engage in conversation with me. He was happy to see my dog again, and gave her hugs and words of encouragement. Reza has a very outgoing personality, and was very happy to talk with me both times. After two visits, I felt we had built a sufficient rapport, I made arrangements to meet with him to obtain the language sample. Reza’s parents are both very active in engaging him with other children his age. They spend family time together, and they both value education. Student-Child Interaction When I met Reza for the first time, he was with his mother, at the gym. His mother asked him to keep me company, and after a very short period of time, he began sharing stories about his day with me. After a while, Reza decided he needed to work out like his mom. He ran laps through the gym for me to observe. After the gym we talked outside, where Reza used a stick to fish a piece of debris out of a hol... ... said, looking for unspoken meanings. Reza occasionally used words that surprised me. It wasn't so surprising that he said them, but it was that he understood what they meant. An example is when he used the word throttle. I asked him what it was, and he explained it simply, but correctly. He had no problem conveying his meaning when he spoke with me. He recognized not only simple objects, but more complex objects. Works Cited Chomsky, N. (1965) The Aspects of the Theory of Syntax (pp 25) The MIT Press Cambridge, MA. Piaget, J. (2000) An Introduction to Montessori, Erikson, Piaget & Vygotsky (Carol Garhart Mooney) Redleaf Press St. Paul, Mn. Vygotsky, L. (1978). Interaction between Learning and Development (pp. 79-91). In Mind in Society. (Trans. M. Cole). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/Pragmatics

Modernism: A Critical Analysis

T. S. Eliot did not invent modernism in literature, but his poem The Waste Land (1922) expresses more distinctly than anyone else what the modernist endeavor really was. More than a poem, it was an occasion, a cry that defined a moment in time, and which it is not possible to repeat. Eliot himself declared that he had moved on from the style of The Waste Land immediately after. Shortly after its publication he expressed in a private correspondence, â€Å"As for The Waste Land, that is a thing of the past so far as I am concerned and I am now feeling toward a new form and style† (qtd. in Chinitz 69).The Hollow Men (1926) is nothing as fragmentary, chaotic and nihilistic as is the 1922 poem. In The Waste Land we seem he hear an unalloyed expression of despair; the despair that purposeful art in no more possible in â€Å"the immense panorama of futility and anarchy which is contemporary history† (qtd. in Sigg 182). Yet the poem is not a complete negation of art. It manages a sort of coherence towards the end, in which we may read a suggestion that art may still be possible amidst desolate meaninglessness of the modern age.The First World War is the event that finally shattered the cozy certainties of the Victorian age. At a more protean level, it annulled the optimism of the humanist endeavor which gave rise to the Renaissance, the Enlightenment and the scientific world view. It is significant that the major part of this endeavor was carried out in art and literature. In the aftermath to the Great War came disillusionment, because it was widely perceived that progress did not bring peace but war – the most brutal and mindless sort. It was not just corpses and rubble that littered Europe, but the Western psyche too was littered with rubble.The Waste Land is essentially a collection of fragments from the tradition of literature. The ultimate statement made by Eliot is that there is no more meaning in which the artist can take his tradition and f urther it. Yet he cannot abandon the past either, for his identity is still contained within those fragments. â€Å"These fragments I have shored against my ruins,† says the Fisher King, who is not able to redeem the wasteland that stretches before him (Eliot 69). This expresses the core sentiment of the poem, which is in the end a mere collection of literary fragments. It is a demonstration of what the function of the artist has become, for the message of Eliot is that the artist is indeed reduced to gathering debris from his cultural past.Eliot’s poem is not meant to be imitated. Its function is to locate the spirit of the age and give it voice. So successful was it in this latter role that many of its literary features began to be adopted, especially so in the novel form, towards the creation of the modernist novel. The most common feature of this fiction is the dysfunctional and alienated protagonist in an urban setting who struggles against encroaching meaningless ness. Of this fiction Federman says, â€Å"The creatures of the new fiction will be as changeable, as illusory, as nameless, as unnamable, as fraudulent, as unpredictable as the discourse that makes them† (12).To render such a narrative effective novelists were soon employing a device known as â€Å"stream of consciousness†. It sacrifices coherence for an effect which seems to suggest that we are privy to the unexpurgated thoughts and impressions of the protagonist. Ulysses by James Joyce is composed entirely I this mode, and another novelist who use this method effectively is Virginia Woolf. Most often it is used for effect in novels which retain some meaningfulness, therefore are not entirely nihilistic. In such novels we identify the contining search for possibilities in art which Eliot had instigated.The novels of Franz Kafka use the conventional narrative voice, yet depict a world that is fragmented and devoid of meaning. The protagonist in The Trial wakes up one morning to discover that he is under arrest, subject to trial, but free to move about in the meantime. There is no immediate explanation of his wrong-doing, and none is forthcoming as the trial grinds on. Not only self-preservation, the protagonist is also seeking for meaning. But the only meaning that emerges is that ‘the system’ has decided that he is â€Å"the accused†, which has set into motion a process whose eventual and inevitable outcome is a brutal execution.Everybody seems to be helpless before the system, both friend and foe. They cannot effect its course, and neither can they extract meaning from it. The state embodies logic, of which Kafka says, â€Å"Logic is doubtless unshakable, but it cannot withstand a man who wants to go on living† (Kafka 263). Instead of war, Kafka’s focus is on the bureaucratization of the modern state, but evokes the same sense of despair and the helplessness of the individual before greater and inexplicable fo rces, the unmistakable stamp of modernism.The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway is also considered a modernist novel. Though more famed for his hard-edged realism, in this last effort before his death Hemingway has created a powerful parable of futility. Santiago is a Cuban fisherman who has met bad luck, having not caught a fish for 84 days. On the 85th day he becomes reckless and ventures further into the sea than anyone else before. He hooks a marlin of such tremendous size that it hauls Santiago and his boat around sea for and entire day.The old fisherman is soon locked in an epic battle of strength, guile and wits with the marlin, and expends every last bit of himself for over three days of struggle. Bloodied and drained, he has his catch in the end, which he begins to drag shoreward. But sharks then fall upon the marlin, and the old man cannot battle them off with his harpoon. Though futile, Hemingway suggests that the old man’s struggle has transcendental value.H e makes frequent comparisons between the old man and Christ, and describes the old man in awe of the nobility of the marlin, even while locked in a life and death battle with it. He is described as musing, â€Å"But it is good that we do not have to try to kill the sun or the moon or the stars. It is enough to live on the sea and kill our true brothers† (Hemingway 75). In its tenor of unremitting futility the novel is modernist. The meaning discovered in the end is transcendental and religious, in which â€Å"the spirit of the individual† is pitched against â€Å"his biological limitations† (Walcutt 275). This is significant when we recall that Eliot too discovered religion later in life.In conclusion, in his poem The Waste Land Eliot expressed a feeling that conventional motivation of the artist was no longer relevant in the modern age, because the aspirations of the previous age, that which had motivated writers and artists in the Victorian era, had been rende red null and void. But at the same time it initiated a new quest in literature, which became a movement known as modernism, and especially employed by novelists. In their novels, which mostly emphasized the meaninglessness of modern existence, the modernist novelist nevertheless tends to dicover transcendental or religious meaning.Works CitedChinitz, David. T.S. Eliot and the Cultural Divide. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.Eliot, Thomas Stearns. The Waste Land and Other Poems. New York: Penguin Classics, 1998.Federman, Raymond. Surfiction: Fiction Now and Tomorrow. Athens OH: Swallow Press, 1975.Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the Sea. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.Kafka, Franz. The Trial. Trans. Willa Muir, Edwin Muir. New York: Schocken Books, 1995.Sigg, Eric Whitman. The American T. S. Eliot: A Study of the Early Writings. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989.Walcutt, Charles Child. American Literary Naturalism, A Divided Stream. Minneapolis: Universi ty of Minnesota Press, 1974.

Hippa Violations Essay

A staff nurse working at a medical clinic looked up a patient file in order to weaken a lawsuit case the patient had against the nurse’s husband. She gave the information to her husband who then called the patient and made it known that he had medical information which he believed weakened the man’s case. He suggested that the man consider dropping the lawsuit. The patient called and informed the clinic what the nurse had done. He also called the district attorney and within a month both the husband and the nurse was indicted. The nurse was also fired the day after the she gave the information to her husband. The nurse pleaded out and is awaiting sentencing. She faces up to 10 years in prison, a fine of as much as $250,000, and up to three years of supervised probation. The state nursing board is seeking to revoke her license. The nurse had no right to look up the patient information and she certainly had no right to share the information with her husband. She effectively ruined her life along with her husband’s. If she was worried about the lawsuit, there were other ways to go about getting help. They could have hired a good lawyer to help. She put her entire clinic in jeopardy for selfish reasons. The clinic handled the situation perfectly. They fired the nurse on the spot as soon as the breach was brought to light and held a meeting to educate employees on the importance of HIPAA and what could happen if it is violated. I do feel sorry for the nurse because she was dealing with so much stress but she deserves what she gets. She had other options available to her and shouldn’t have looked up that information.

Conventions of Academic Writing Essays

Conventions of Academic Writing Essays Conventions of Academic Writing Paper Conventions of Academic Writing Paper Writing Research Papers, A Complete Guide. 2010 Thirteenth Edition (3-8)

Vernacular Definition and Examples

Vernacular Definition and Examples Vernacular is the language of a particular group, profession, region, or country, especially as spoken rather than formally written. Since the rise of sociolinguistics in the 1960s, interest in vernacular forms of English speech has developed rapidly. As R.L. Trask has pointed out, vernacular forms are now seen as every bit as worthy of study as standard varieties (Language and Linguistics: Key Concepts, 2007). Examples and Observations Around the middle of the fourteenth century English began to be accepted as an appropriate language for government, law, and literature. In response to this wider use of the vernacular, a debate over its suitability as a means of communicating scripture and theology began in the 1300s.(Judy Ann Ford, John Mirks Festial. DS Brewer, 2006)The Elizabethans had discovered once and for all the artistic power of the vernacular and had freed native writers from a crippling sense of inferiority, for which the classical languages and the classicists were largely responsible.(Richard Foster Jones, The Triumph of the English Language. Stanford University Press, 1953)The BCP [Book of Common Prayer] allowed for celebrations in Latin ..., but required that worship should normally be conducted in a language understanded of the people. Vernacular liturgy was a reform for which Roman Catholics had to wait another 400 years.(Alan Wilson, The Book of Common Prayer, Part 1: An English Ragbag. The Guardia n, Aug. 23, 2010 Writers on Writing: Using The Vernacular   Mark Twain ... transformed elements of regional vernacular speech into a medium of uniquely American literary expression and thus taught us how to capture that which is essentially American in our folkways and manners. For indeed the vernacular process is a way of establishing and discovering our national identity. (Ralph Ellison, Going to the Territory. Random House, 1986)American writers were ... the first to intuit that the catchall web of the vernacular reflected the mind at its conscious level. The new melodious tongue shaped the writer to a greater extent than he shaped the language. (Wright Morris, About Fiction. Harper, 1975)  [W]hen I interrupt the velvety smoothness of my more or less literate syntax with a few sudden words of bar-room vernacular, that is done with the eyes wide open and the mind relaxed but attentive. (Raymond Chandler, letter to Edward Weeks, January 18, 1948)Ive always wanted to bring the books down closer and closer to the characters- to get mysel f, the narrator, out of it as much as I can. And one of the ways to do this is to use the language that the characters actually speak, to use the vernacular, and not ignoring the grammar, the formality of it, to bend it, to twist it, so you get a sense that you are hearing it, not reading it.(Roddy Doyle, quoted by  Caramine White in Reading Roddy Doyle. Syracuse University Press, 2001 Two Worlds of Writing Theres a newish world of writing where lots of people are busy all hours of the day and night emailing, tweeting, and blogging on the internet. Students startle their professors by sending chatty emails using the slang they write to buddies on Facebook. Much writing in this new world is a kind of speaking onto the screen; indeed, plenty of people, especially literate people, dont consider this writing to be writing. Email? Thats not writing! Actually, people have been writing in everyday vernacular spoken language for centuries in diaries, informal personal letters, grocery lists, and exploratory musings to figure out their feelings or thoughts. ...So in one world of writing, people feel free to speak onto the screen or page; in the other, people feel pressured to avoid speech on the page. I wont join the chorus of literate commentators who lament all the bad writing in the world of email and web. I see problems with writing in both worlds. Id say that most writing is not very good, whether its literate writing or e-writing, and whether it comes from students, amateurs, well-educated people, or learned scholars.(Peter Elbow, Vernacular Eloquence: What Speech Can Bring to Writing. Oxford Univ. Press, 2012) The New Vernacular ​​Like its antecedents, the new  vernacular represents a democratic impulse, an antidote to vanity and literary airs. Its friendly, its familiar. But familiar in both senses. The new vernacular imitates spontaneity but sounds rehearsed. It has a franchised feel, like the chain restaurant that tells its patrons, Youre family.In part this is just a matter of clichà ©. Some writers try to casualize their prose with friendly phrases such as you know or you know what? Or even um, as in um, hel-lo? ...The new vernacular writer is studiedly sincere. Sincere even when ironic, ironically sincere. Whatever its other goals, the first purpose of such prose is ingratiation. Of course, every writer wants to be liked, but this is prose that seeks an instant intimate relationship. It makes aggressive use of the word you- bet you thought- and even when the you is absent, it is implied. The writer works hard to be lovable.(Tracy Kidder and Richard Todd, Good Prose: The Art of Nonficti on. Random House, 2013) Vernacular Rhetoric [N]arratives of vernacular rhetoric can afford a certain accuracy in gauging public opinion that otherwise is unavailable. Were leaders to hear these opinions and take them seriously, the quality of public discourse might take a positive turn. Understanding peoples concerns and why they hold them holds promise for helping leaders to communicate with societys active members rather than manipulating them.(Gerard A. Hauser, Vernacular Voices: The Rhetoric of Publics and Public Spheres. Univ. of South Carolina Press, 1999) The Lighter Side of the Vernacular [Edward Kean] once said that he was probably best known for coining the word cowabunga (originally spelled with a k) as a greeting for Chief Thunderthud, a character on [The Howdy Doody Show]. The word has become part of American vernacular, used by the cartoon character Bart Simpson and by the crime-fighting Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. (Dennis Hevesi, Edward Kean, Chief Writer of ‘Howdy Doody,’ Dies at 85. The New York Times, Aug. 24, 2010) Pronunciation: ver-NAK-ye-ler EtymologyFrom the Latin, native

Criminal Procedure Variation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Criminal Procedure Variation - Essay Example "1. The punishment cannot be invariably disproportionate to the crime. Applying this principle in Coker v. Georgia, the Court held that the death penalty was grossly disproportionate to the crime of rape of an adult woman. 2. The statute should be carefully drafted to ensure adequate information and guidance to the sentencing authority. For example, the Court struck down the death penalty statute in Lockett v. Ohio because it improperly limited the range of mitigating circumstances available for consideration. 6. Appellate review by a court of statewide jurisdiction should be available. Although Georgia's scheme of proportionality review may not be required, the system must guard against sentences wantonly or capriciously imposed."( http://www.law.ua.edu/colquitt/crimmain/crimmisc/colquitt.htm) After the passing of this law, starting in 1983, Alabama has executed 34 people in the history of its death sentence program. Four people were killed in the first 9 months of the year 2005 alone (http://blogs.amnestyusa.org/death-penalty/archive/2005/09/).

Picot Question In Hospital Patients Research Proposal

Picot Question In Hospital Patients - Research Proposal Example There is a big difference between the use of specialty beds, dry visco-elastic polymer bed, and the standard beds for the patients with limited mobility especially with regard to pressure ulcers. The foam outlays on the specialty tables reduce the vulnerability to pressure ulcers compared to the standard beds, which lack such comfort. The specialty bed also has a visco-elastic polymer foam mattress, which absorbs energy hence preventing pressure ulcer as compared to the standard beds. The specialty beds provide extra relief through the use of technology in the creation of dynamic surfaces. This accommodates the patients who have limited mobility hence prevention of pressure ulcers. Maklebust & Sieggreen (2009) conjectures that the kinetic beds aid in the recuperation process of ulcer pressures unlike the standard beds. This is because this bed contains a material rotation mattress which rotates a patient from side to side in order to change the pressure points. Therefore, the kinetic specialty beds serve to prevent pressure ulcers unlike the standard beds. The kinetic specialty bed also contains alternating pressure mattresses whereby a patient lies on air-filled sacs. These sacs sequentially inflate and deflate resulting in alternation in pressure between the patient and the mattress. This leads to pressure at va rious body parts within a short duration hence reducing the span of high pressure on any part of the body at any time. The air loss specialty bed also helps in the prevention of pressure ulcers as compared to the standard bed. This is a bed whereby patients rest on air sacs through which warm air passes hence the creation of modulated warmth for the patients. Barnett (2006) asserts that the temperature of the air can be changed with regard to the need for the patient. In addition, the pressure of the pillows used in this specialty bed can be changed in a bid to redistribute pressure for the patient. In addition, this specialty bed provides continuous flow of air hence preventing formation of moisture on the surface of the patient’s body. This specialty bed also offers a low air loss mechanism; hence, prevention of pressure ulcers. The low air loss bed also reduces the pressure exerted on the mattress by the body. This specialty bed also enhances the dressing of the patients w ithout friction hence prevention of pressure ulcers. The low air loss aids in the prevention of pressure than the standard bed through improvement of the skin micro climate .This is achieved through the maintenance of a normal moisture level between the skin and the support surface of the patient. This specialty bed also regulates the body temperature of the patient. The air-flow beneath the patient’s skin helps in the reduction of pressure hence preventing pressure ulcers. This specialty bed also contains a micro-porous cover sheet which allows air onto the surface of the skin of the patient. This bed also contains granular material, which is used for supporting a patient on a porous covering sheet. According to Hopp & Rittenmeyer (2012), the other form of specialty bed is the combination of the air-fluidized and low-air -loss bed. This bed is designed in the sense that the lower part of the bed is filled with the fluidized component while the other half has the low air loss component. The head of this bed is adjustable hence it is can be adjusted for the patient’s comfort. However, it is lighter than the standard bed. This specialty bed reduces the pressure ulcers. The other feature of this bed is that it rhymes with the body contours. The specialty beds also are fitted with seat cushions which also serve to prevent pressure ulcers unlike the standard beds. This is possible given that this bed surface reduces the pressure that the weight of the patient’s body exerts on the skin when the patient is resting. This specialty bed also helps in the healing of developed pressure ulcers. The dynamic specialty beds utilize electricity or a battery in the

Data Warehouse Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Data Warehouse Project Management - Essay Example To understand the various nuances of Data Warehouses in real time implementation, we studied the data warehouse implementation of DePaul university. This report aims at presenting the various data warehouse development and management features that were put in to effect while developing the data warehouse for the university. Certain roles specific to data warehouse development such as DW SDLC, construction of Data Marts when needed, ETL, Optimizations and Reporting are analyzed in detail. No data warehouse comes with a certain guarantee off success. The volume of implementation itself is many a times a reason for a DW failure. Therefore this paper also looks at the various risk factors involved in the development of the data warehouse for De Paul University. DePaul was founded in 1898 and is named for a 17th-century French priest, St. Vincent De Paul. The university has an enrollment of 23,149 students, 1,521 full time and part time professors and more than 125,000 alumni worldwide. At DePaul, students, faculty and alumni come together to form an environment that is welcoming and inclusive. The rich mix of heritages, experiences, interests and aspirations of its students and faculty help make the DePaul community one of a kind. To credit all its worth, in 1999 and 2003, the Princeton Review ranked DePaul students as â€Å"the happiest in the nation†. In 2007, Entrepreneur magazine ranked DePauls undergraduate program seventh and graduate program fifth, among the nations top entrepreneurship programs. DePaul is the ninth-largest private, not-for-profit university in the nation. Among those 10, all except DePaul are classified as "research extensive" universities, making DePaul the nations largest university with a primary mission of teaching and service. DePaul intends to become one of the finest urban, Catholic universities of the United States. Resolute in its Vincentian mission to make an extraordinary education

Adopting Agile Project Management Methodology Management Essay

Adopting Agile Project Management Methodology Management Essay Agile project management is considered as one of the flexible and interactive project management approach. Agile methodology, as its meaning would suggest, is adopted for rapid development projects. It is very much different than the traditional project management technique which is considered to be more structured and disciplined. Deliberate planning and designing various control methods is inherent part of the traditional style. Normally all the tasks are completed in a predefined sequence to ensure the success which requires lot of planning to be done up front. Evolution: As the business processes became more and more complex they also became more interdependent than ever before. Along with the processes the organizational structure of business also changed in order to support complex communities, comprised of alliances with strategic suppliers, outsourcing vendors and partnerships and ever increasing competitors. With time-to-market compression and rapidly changing technologies fast track development has become the order of the day for most of the business. This increased importance of agile project management methodologies. Agile management is derived from the agile software development and hence it is a variant of iterative life cycle process.   In agile methodology, the evaluation of the project requirements and the end product/solution is a collaborative effort between self-organized, cross-functional teams across the organization or may be from different organizations. Comparison with Traditional Approach Agile project management methodology differs from traditional project management methodology which gives more attention to making software development a better process and hence it gives importance to contract negotiation (managing scope), comprehensive documentation, maintaining and following a project plan with the help of various processes and tools. In contrast, Agile methodology gives stress upon working software and responding to constant changes and there by gaining customer satisfaction. Having frequent client interactions is one of the most important attribute to the success of this approach. Challenges Associated with Agile Methodology Many companies, such as IBM, have adopted agile development because of its underlying benefits of being flexible, simple and fast. The customer centric approach of this methodology makes it very popular amongst the customers and also the possibility of project being self supporting even in the initial stages lures businessmen towards it. Because of these and many other advantages the some of the inherent problems such scope management, risk management issues are overlooked. Normally these issues arise due to lack of planning and documentation for the project, which goes against the agile methodology. This also raises the possibility of indentifying problems/dependencies in the later part of the projects. The complete development becomes person dependant rather than process dependant and team dynamics and HR strategies in the company becomes key ingredients in the success of project. It should be noted that as such process also adds an additional variable in the form customers. Customers get an influential seat at the table to shape the value proposition of the project as it unfolds. They are actively involved in the development process to establish, prioritize, and verify requirements at each and every stage. The ability of agile methodology to adapt to changing customer priorities and requirements keep the project current and relevant. But with such frequent changes in the requirements and scope of the project, strong commitment to the business milestones, which is one of the features of agile methodology, becomes difficult if the project is not managed properly. Because of the high dependency on team dynamics it is often difficult to apply agile methodologies to large project teams and large scale projects, where better planning is required. But it suits the company having culture of innovation as the focus is never shifted from exploratory development to planning and controlling. Research Objective As seen above there are positives and negatives of both the project management methodologies. According a survey taken by one of the leading companies, about 50% of business correspondents claim that agile methods had been successful in about 95% of their projects, where are remaining say that such methods are still too premature and require extensive academic proof/research. I am hoping that through this research paper I am able to explore the challenges faced by such business correspondents while implementing agile project management methodology. I will try to find if adopting agile methodology guaranties success. This paper will also focus on handling change management, risk management, HR issues and Team management issues. Research will stress on various ways of tackling these problems to increase the probability of success. The research will also touch upon adopting the traditional project management activities such as project plan, earned value analysis, balance sheets into the agile project management. The Common practices followed in different types of methodologies for agile project management such as SCRUM, XP, CRYSTAL, EVO will also be discussed in this paper. Sources: Project Management the Agile Way: Making It Work in the Enterprise   By John C. Goodpasture The Blending of Traditional and Agile Management By Kathleen B. Hass, Published in PM World Today May 2007 (Vol. IX, Issue V) Agile Project Management Methods for IT Projects By Glen B. Alleman Wikipedia

Abortion :: essays research papers fc

Abortion is defined as the termination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent life. Abortions must be conducted before the end off six months, or the fetus will leave the womb and it would be considered a premature birth.There are two types of abortions. One is spontaneous and the other is induced. If the fetus ways less than 18oz or is less than 20 weeks into the pregnancy, it is usually considered an abortion. Spontaneous abortions are known by another name, miscarriages. These usually occur during the first three months of pregnancy. It is estimated that 25% of all pregnancies end in spontaneous abortion.The second form of abortion is induced abortion. This is the deliberate termination of the fetus. There are four main types of induced abortions. The first takes place up to 12 weeks. It is called vacuum aspiration. This is where a tube attached to a vacuum is inserted into the uterus and sucks out the embryo and all other material. The second type takes place after the 15th week and is called saline infusion. Here, the doctors replace a little fluid with a salt solution. This causes the uterus to contract. The fetus is then expelled. The third type is a hysterotomy. This is a similar procedure to a cesarean section. The only difference is, in this operation, is that the cut is smaller and lower. The fourth type is available in the first fifty days. It is a drug called RU-486. It was developed in France and approved for sale there in 1988. Clinical trials in the United States began in 1994.When performed under proper conditions, the sooner the person has the baby, the less risk she is at. The likelihood of complications increase as the woman gets farther into the pregnancy. Although, an abortion has less of a risk of injury than does actually delivering the baby.Abortion is one topic that has been heavily debated. Many cases have gone to court over an abortion. Perhaps the most famous case was Roe vs. Wade. It was a case that was settled in 1973 under Justice Blackman. The Supreme Court ruled that they could not ban abortions in the first six months of the pregnancy. After six months, the states can ban an abortion except in cases in which the woman's health is at risk.I think that there is a lot that can be done.

Change 4 Life Essay

Change 4 Life is a scheme which aims to help everyone, but especially children, to eat well, exercise and therefore hopefully live longer. One of the main principles is to reduce the amount of obesity in the UK. It is a fact that people today are a lot less active than they should be and rather than exercising, people are opting to use their free time watching television and playing the latest computer games. This is proven as only 37% of men and 25% of women in the UK currently achieve the levels of physical activity recommended by the Department of Health. Not only has our daily exercise fallen but how we eat and the type of food we eat has also declined. People are now choosing the easy and more ‘convenient’ option of fast food. Change 4 Life are trying their best to react to peoples new ‘modern day life’, by encouraging people to exercise more frequently and reduce the fat intake in their diet. Physical activity helps to reduce the amount of fat stored in the body and this in turn reduces the risk of contracting life threatening illnesses such as Type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancer. Change 4 Life promotes the idea of many different activities, ranging from walking and running to skipping and jumping. They believe that any exercise is better than none. They realise that it is important to have a healthy balanced lifestyle, which should consist of the following, nutritious diet, social life, rest/sleep, free time, physical exercise and control of stress and pressure. Change 4 Life hope to do what their name suggests. Up and About† is the slogan for children with the idea of encouraging them to be active whenever possible. On their website they give suggestions of how this can be done. Many are just simple ideas such as rather than driving to school, walk instead. This not only helps the children but the environment at the same time. They also give tips such as having a disco in the lounge, skipping, hide and seek and dancing. They have also tried to introduce a ‘2 hour maximum TV time’, meaning kids have to try new things out. This would then hopefully encourage children to be more active. On the website they have even created indoor and outdoor games, which can be played by everyone, e. g. the lamp post game that involves racing between each set of lamp posts on the way to school or the shops. Not only does exercise keep you fit and healthy it can help your sleeping pattern, relieve stress so that you feel more relaxed. This is why Change 4 Life recommends that as a family you should try to do sixty minutes of ctivities per day. They say that â€Å"active kids are happy kids†. They also say that it is important to have a well balanced and nutritious diet incorporating at least 5 fruit and vegetables a day. The scheme has loads of suggestions on which items actually count as one of your 5 fruits and veg such as smoothies and frozen and canned vegetables. They also give tips on how to compare food labels so that you become aware what the food contains e. g calories, sugar, salt etc. The way people cook/prepare the food is also essential, as this can increase the amount of fat in someone’s body, especially if it’s cooked in a lot of oil. There are many examples that Change 4 Life give to families to help them, sugar swaps being one of them, so rather than having food and drink with added sugar, they should swap for versions that are either sugar free or have very little sugar. Lastly they have loads of fun family activities such as Swim4Life, Bike4Life, Play4Life and Walk4Life, which are lots of fun and get the whole family involved in an active lifestyle.

Gideon’s Trumpet Strong point of the book Essay

Gideon’s Trumpet is the ‘story’ of an epic legal battle. I give full marks to this story. It depicts the will power, grit and determination of a simple prison inmate to take on the legal system of USA. He achieved his objective with a pencil and paper and his simple drafting skill. He proved that his knowledge about the law is much more than hundreds of legal luminaries of America put together. He was fighting the mighty force of the State, and it was no ordinary opposition. If a man suffers, he must have the support of a legal provision to redress his grievance. Otherwise the legal system is at fault, not the individual. This is the simple truth as seen by a common man, in the present case relating to Clarence Earl Gideon. I like this book for its important contribution to secure individual liberty and how one man successfully challenged the legal system. The story is the triumph of human spirit versus flaws in the system created and nurtured by human beings. It is the victory of the chair less power (common man) in the fight against powerful chairs (legal and political power). When the going gets tough, the tough gets going. Anthony Lewis is well aware of this principle. His book proves the point. I need to heap additional praise on the contents of this book.   His book proves the great and important point. The improbable battle of Gideon leads the Court to give the ultimate decision in his favor. Lewis comes out of the Court Scene to project the human face of the story. Those who think that the legal system is the service tool for the rich and the politically well-connected need to take the appropriate lesson from Gideon. He set such a legal process in motion that would affect the entire legal system of USA. The effect of the case was precedent-shattering. Mr. Gideon is twice-blessed. He has provided a highly motivating case from legal as well as sociological aspects. Another strong point of the book is that it is free from political overtones. The author has confined himself to the legal aspect of the case only. But he has pointed out the limitations and difficulties of the Supreme Court functioning. Valuable lessons can be learnt from his observations. This case gave scope to several reference issues that set the American legal system to change for the better. It examined the question about safeguarding accused from escaping the judicial system due to arbitrary court violations. The second issue decided was, majority of the states supported the issue of providing proper defense.  Ã‚   Such a course of action would be cheaper to the exchequer in the long run instead court cases dismissed on account of legal inaccuracies. This position arose because many litigants in court could claim wrong trial due to improper representation. The third most important issue in the cited case, Adamson vs. California, in which the 14th Amendment was challenged, relates to the Bill of Rights application. Supreme Court ruled it as the violation of all Fundamental Rights within as a violation towards the litigant. Thus, this is a good book for the students of law, especially for those who intend to specialize in Constitutional Rights. Weak points of the case†¦ It is difficult to find weak points in he book from the legal aspect. For, Gideon’s case changed the concept of ultimate justice in USA. The common man got confidence that he too is listened to, and respected. But from the sociological angle, there is a weak point.   In the present case, we feel that it is the intelligence of the lawyer that secured a clean acquittal for Gideon, not his innocence. The outcome of the case may encourage the criminals. They will think to commit crime and then it is easy to get away by hiring a good counsel; if you have no means of hiring, the government will do it for you. Once his request to provide a lawyer was agreed by the Court, Gideon became very arrogant. His lawyer Fred Turner had to strictly tell him, â€Å"I’ll only represent you if you will stop trying to be the lawyer and let me handle the case.† Gideon agreed. Gideon was a stubborn prisoner. In spite of his crankiness, and eccentricities, the State spent a huge amount in engaging counsel for him and the precious time of the Supreme Court was used. The successful termination of the case sends a wrong signal to the society. The criminal gets the protection, and the safety of the law-abiding citizen is in trouble. I liked the book†¦. Mr. Gideon has made the remarkable judicial contribution by the simple handwritten application that he sent to Supreme Court. He had a new trial and in the end, he was acquitted. The legal defense, and the question of due process were entirely re-examined and good conclusions resulted. Any conflicting issue is an interesting topic for discussion. Gideon’s case leaves hardly anything for the opposition counsel to argue, unless it is opposition for the sake of opposition. This is a good book; it has the timeless appeal, for the students of sociology. All laws, just because they are the laws of the land, are not faultless. A difficult law implemented in a worst manner is the ultimate calamity for the common prisoner.   Such a law, if not amended or withdrawn quickly, can ruin the delicate social structure based on human relationships. It concerns fundamental rights and liberty of the individual. Embroiled in unfriendly system of jurisprudence, the poor class prisoners get physically, emotionally and economically crushed. One finds it extremely difficult to sustain one’s normal balance .In such circumstances one remains desperately in need of some consolation and permanent solution. That was the reason why Gideon sought the solution through his pencil-written application to the Supreme Court. Desperate situations need desperate remedies, and Gideon used one such remedy! It is a brilliant book for students of all streams, especially law students.   Fundamental rights offer the guarantee of legal protection to all the citizens, for which Gideon fought and won.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reference Cited: Book Review: Gideon’s Trumpet Lewis, Anthony (Author) Book: Gideon’s Trumpet (Paperback) Publisher: Vintage Books USA; Reissue edition (Feb 1989) Language English ISBN-10: 0679723129 ISBN-13: 978-0679723127